Geotechnical engineering is the study of the behavior of soils under the influence of loading forces and soil-water interactions. This knowledge is applied to the design of foundations, retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners, and geosynthetics for waste containment.

Geotechnical investigations are performed by geotechnical engineers or engineering geologists to obtain information on the physical properties of soil earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions.

Geotechnical investigations are performed by geotechnical engineers or engineering geologists to obtain information on the physical properties of soil earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions.

Common geotechnical properties of soil are specific gravity, density index, consistency limits, particle size analysis, compaction, consolidation, permeability, and shear strength

Geotechnical report can be defined as a comprehensive assessment of geological conditions of a particular area where the construction of structure is proposed.

Plate load test is carried out to check the bearing capacity of foundation soils. It has limited depth of influence. It could only give the bearing capacity of soils with depth up to two times the diameter of plate.

A plate load test determines the ground's bearing capacity and actual strength by applying an increasing load from a circular steel plate to induce settlement. It is used in cases where the ground particle sizes are large, or the soil has a firmer texture.

A test pit of the same depth as the foundation and width equal to five times the size of bearing plate is dug in the ground. A bearing plate is then placed in the test pit. The test plate is loaded with the help of the hydraulic jack, using either a gravity loading frame or truss loading frame to bear the reaction. The settlement of the bearing plate is measured at intervals of 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 min, etc., until no significant change in settlement is observed.

Static pile load measures the response of a pile under an applied load. It is used to determine the ultimate failure load of a foundation pile and determine its capacity to support the load without excessive or continuous displacement.

The bore log is the basic record of almost every geotechnical exploration and provides a detailed record of the work performed and the findings of the investigation.

ERT can be used to map geologic variations including soil lithology (e.g., clay versus gravel), presence of ground water, fracture zones, variations in soil saturation, areas of increased salinity or, in some cases, ground water contamination.

Slope stability analysis is a static or dynamic, analytical, or empirical method to evaluate the stability of earth and rock-fill dams, and embankments.

Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks.

The stability of rock slopes in open pit mine and quarry operations is extremely important from both economic and safety points of view because unstable slopes can result in the loss of human life and damage to properties.

Geosynthetics are products made of synthetic or natural polymeric materials, which are used in contact with soil or rock and/or other geotechnical materials. The main basic classes of polymers used are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester and polyvinyl chloride.

Geosynthetics are man-made materials used to improve soil conditions. Geosynthetics are typically made from petrochemical-based polymers.

Soil testing laboratory comprises of equipment used for determining various properties of soil.

A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.

Reinforced earth walls are designed as reinforced soil or mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) structures with a choice of facing: modular concrete blocks, segmental panels, full-height concrete panels or wire mesh options.

Reinforced Earth is a material formed by combining earth and reinforcement in the form of strips disposed in horizontal layers.

Reinforced soil is a generic term that is applied to structures or systems constructed by placing reinforcing elements (e.g., steel strips, plastic grids, or geotexti1e sheets) in soil to provide improved tensile resistance. A fiber-reinforced soil consists of soil and fibers mixed randomly.

Landfill leachate is a high organic matter and ammonium nitrogen strength wastewater formed as a result of percolation of rainwater and moisture through waste in landfills.